In a new study published in Cancer Cell, researchers at VIB-KU Leuven in Belgium reduced the spread of glioblastoma by interrupting specific interactions between the brain’s immune cells and tumour cells. The discovery points to a possible new therapeutic strategy, in which blocking communication between immune and cancer cells makes tumours more contained and easier to remove.
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive primary brain tumour in adults, with a median patient survival of about 15 months. Notoriously difficult to treat, tumour cells spread into the surrounding brain tissue, preventing the complete removal of the tumour. Total resection, however, is the strongest predictor of survival, meaning that finding ways to contain the tumour before surgery could be an important strategy to extend patients’ lives.
To discover how glioblastoma invasion can be blocked, researchers at the VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, led by Gabriele Bergers, studied the interaction between tumour cells and microglia – the immune cells of the brain. Microglia promote glioblastoma progression by secreting certain proteins that tumour cells can use to grow. Yet, the role of lipids (fatty molecules) in this process has remained largely unexplored.
Using mouse models and tissue from glioblastoma patients, the researchers found that tumour cells use lipids released by microglia to become more mobile and invade healthy areas of the brain.
“We found that microglia release a specific type of lipid called lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) that binds to tumour cells, activating pathways that help them spread to further areas of the brain,” said first author Carla Pallarés-Moratalla (VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology).
Building on this initial discovery, the researchers investigated whether blocking this interaction could make tumours less invasive – and it did.
“We were able to interrupt these signals and make tumours less invasive,” Pallarés-Moratalla said.
“Although the size of the tumour did not change, these results raise the possibility of treating patients before surgery to make their tumours more contained and easier to remove. Because this approach limits spread but does not shrink the tumour, it could be combined with therapies that reduce tumour size, which could further improve patient survival.”
The researchers also looked for the same patterns in human samples, and tests on patient-derived tumour cell lines showed that immune cells promoted invasion in the same way as in mice.
“It was rather surprising to see how closely the mechanism we found in mice was reproduced in human glioblastoma, which suggests the findings could translate to patients,” Pallarés-Moratalla said.
The authors said these are still early findings, although the discovery opens the door to a new way of approaching treatment.
“Glioblastoma tumours are very heterogeneous, meaning that in the same patient, different areas of the tumour can carry different mutations,” Bergers said.
“But our approach does not target the genetic makeup of the tumour cells – it instead targets the communication between immune and cancer cells, which makes it applicable to a broader spectrum of glioblastoma.”